Étude du métabolisme de la plante en réponse à l'apport de différents fertilisants et adjuvants culturaux. Influence des phytohormones sur le métabolisme azoté.

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MÉrigout, Patricia (2006) Étude du métabolisme de la plante en réponse à l'apport de différents fertilisants et adjuvants culturaux. Influence des phytohormones sur le métabolisme azoté. Doctorat Science du végétal, INAPG 2006INAP0019.

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Résumé

Nous avons étudié l'absorption et l'assimilation de l'urée chez les plantes. Trois espèces végétales et deux systèmes de culture ont été utilisés. Deux céréales de grandes cultures, maïs et blé, ont été cultivées en hydroponie et sur sol en conditions proches du champ. Nous avons affiné nos recherches sur la plante modèle Arabidopsis en culture hydroponique. Deux approches ont été utilisées. Nous avons d'abord caractérisé ‘l'état physiologique' des plantes alimentées avec de l'urée grâce aux mesures de leur croissance et de leur statut azoté. Une analyse transcriptopmique chez Arabidopsis nous a permis d'établir le profil d'expression génomique en réponse à l'urée comme facteur nutritionnel. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que les plantes sont capables d'absorber et d'assimiler l'urée. L'influx d'urée est dépendant du statut azoté initial de la plante. L'influx d'urée est aussi moins efficace que celui du nitrate, et les plantes recevant uniquement de l'azote uréique présentent des signes de carence azotée. L'urée régule les influx d'azote uréique, nitrique et ammoniacal, ainsi que l'expression des transporteurs d'urée, de nitrate et d'ammonium. Les voies d'assimilation de l'urée et de l'ammonium se sont révélées très proches. Les plantes sur un milieu mixte d'urée et d'ammonium nitrate ne sont pas affectées en termes de croissance, de métabolisme azoté ou d'influx d'azote. Elles présentent aussi des teneurs réduites en nitrates. Remplacer une partie de l'ammonium nitrate par de l'urée dans les engrais semble donc une bonne alternative pour limiter la présence de nitrate dans les plantes cultivées.
Nous avons également cherché à identifier les molécules algales responsables des effets des substances marines sur les plantes, ainsi que les cibles potentielles de ces extraits marins au cœur du métabolisme végétal. Nous avons choisi une approche systémique d'étude des variations du transcriptome d'Arabidopsis résultant d'un apport d'extrait d'algues. Une liste de gènes dont l'expression est modulée par la pulvérisation d'un extrait d'algues brunes riche en auxines sur des rosettes d'Arabidopsis cultivées en hydroponie, a ainsi été établie.

Type d'EPrint:	Thèse (Doctorat)
Directeur de Mémoire:	Daniel-vedele, Françoise
Date:	Novembre 2006
Jury de Mémoire:	Ourry, Alain et Von WIRÉN, Nicolaus et Recous, Sylvie et Chaillou, Sylvain et Briand, Xavier
Ecole Doctorale:	ED 435 AGRICULTURE, ALIMENTATION, BIOLOGIE, ENVIRONNEMENTS ET SANTE
Discipline:	Science du végétal
Fonds:	INAPG INAPG
Institution:	INAPG
Sujets:	8. Sciences de la terre et génie de l'environnement
Mots-clés libres:	Engrais azotés-urée-arabis thaliana-effets de l'azote-plantes-métabolisme
Code ID:	2273
Déposé par :	Nadine Pontal
Déposé le :	22 Mars 2007

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100

Table des Matières

SOMMAIRE
ABREVIATIONS - 2
AVANT-PROPOS - 3
INTRODUCTION - 4
I. AZOTE & AGRICULTURE - 4
I.A. Le rôle essentiel de l'azote dans la fertilisation - 4
I.B. Les conversions de l'azote et le problème du nitrate - 4
II. LE METABOLISME DE L'AZOTE CHEZ LES PLANTES - 5
II.A. Absorption de l'azote minéral: nitrate et ammonium - 6
II.A.1. Absorption du nitrate - 7
II.A.2. Absorption de l'ammonium - 8
II.B. Réduction du nitrate en ammonium - 9
II.C. Incorporation de l'ammonium dans les acides aminés - 10
III. AZOTE, UREE & AGRICULTURE - 14
III.A. Le procédé de fabrication de l'urée - 14
III.B. Données économiques - 15
III.B.1. Production - 15
III.B.2. Consommation - 15
III.C. Efficacité de l'urée en tant que fertilisant azoté - 15
III.C.1. Pertes d'ammoniac et toxicité de l'ammoniac - 16
III.C.2. Accumulation de nitrite - 17
III.C.3. Toxicité du Biuret - 17
III.C.4. Immobilisation de l'azote de l'urée - 18
III.C.5. Fertilisation foliaire d'urée - 18
IV. UREE: ASPECTS BIOCHIMIQUES & MOLECULAIRES - 19
IV.A. La dégradation de l'urée - 19
IV.A.1. Historique de la découverte de l'urée et de l'uréase - 19
IV.A.2. Dégradation non enzymatique de l'urée - 20
IV.A.3. Dégradation enzymatique de l'urée - 20
IV.B. Les uréases - 21
IV.B.1. Les uréases microbiennes - 21
IV.B.2. Les uréases chez les plantes