Fusion de données satellitaires pour la cartographie du potentiel éolien offshore.

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Ben ticha, Mohamed Bassam (2007) Fusion de données satellitaires pour la cartographie du potentiel éolien offshore. Doctorat Informatique temps réel, Robotique, Automatique, CEP - Centre Energétique et Procédés, ENSMP p.138.

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Résumé

L’énergie éolienne est une des composantes d’une politique énergétique permettant de réaliser un développement durable. Ces dernières années, des parcs éoliens offshore ont été installés. Ces parcs bénéficient d’un vent plus fort et plus régulier en mer que sur terre. Pour un choix judicieux des lieux d’implantation des parcs éoliens, il est nécessaire de disposer d’une cartographie du potentiel éolien. Ces cartes doivent être à haute résolution spatiale pour détecter les variations du potentiel à l’échelle d’un parc éolien. La cartographie du potentiel éolien se fait au travers de la description de la variation spatiale des paramètres statistiques caractérisant la climatologie du vent. Pour une estimation précise de ces paramètres statistiques, il est nécessaire d’avoir des mesures de vitesse et de direction du vent à haute résolution temporelle. Cependant, aucune source de données, actuelle, n’allie la haute résolution spatiale et la haute résolution temporelle. On propose une méthode de fusion de données permettant de tirer profit de la haute résolution spatiale de certains instruments de télédétection (les radars à ouverture synthétiques) et de la haute résolution temporelle d’autres instruments de télédétection (les radars diffusomètres). La méthode de fusion est appliquée à un cas d’étude et les résultats sont évalués. Les résultats montrent la pertinence de la fusion de données pour la cartographie du potentiel éolien offshore.

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[15] R. J. Barthelmie and S. C. Pryor. Can satellite sampling of offshore wind speeds realistically represent wind speed distributions. Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol. 42, n° 1, pp. 83–94, 2003.

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[17] H. Tennekes and J. L. Lumley. First Course in Turbulence. The MIT Press, Cambridge, U.S.A., 300 p., 1972.

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[21] I. Couloigner, T. Ranchin, V. P. Valtonen and L. Wald. Benefit of the future SPOT 5 and of data fusion to urban mapping. International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 19, n° 8, pp. 1519–1532, 1998.

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Bibliographie Chapitre 6

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Table des Matières

Table des matières

1 Introduction

1.1 Contexte du développement de l’éolien offshore

1.2 Les enjeux de la cartographie de la ressource éolienne

1.3 Objectif de la thèse

1.4 Démarche de la thèse

1.5 Structure du manuscrit

Bibliographie

2 Cartographie du potentiel éolien : mesures de vent, techniques de modélisation et moyens de cartographie

2.1 Cartographie du potentiel éolien

2.1.1 L’aspect spatial

2.1.2 L’aspect temporel

2.1.3 Conclusions sur les caractéristiques des mesures de vent nécessaires pour la cartographie du potentiel éolien offshore

2.2 Mesures du vent en mer

2.2.1 Mesures sur site

2.2.2 Mesure du vent en mer par télédétection

2.2.3 Conclusions sur l’adéquation des moyens de mesure du vent en mer et la cartographie du potentiel éolien

2.3 Modèles pour l’estimation du potentiel éolien

2.3.1 Extrapolation verticale des vitesses de vent

2.3.2 Modèles empiriques

2.3.3 Modèles statistiques

2.3.4 Modèles physiques

2.4 Conclusion

Bibliographie

3 Fusion de données pour l’évaluation du potentiel éolien

3.1 Fusion de données, notations et définitions

3.1.1 Définitions

3.1.2 Représentation d’une opération de fusion

3.2 Schéma de fusion pour la cartographie du potentiel éolien offshore

3.2.1 Hypothèses du schéma de fusion

3.2.2 Schéma de la méthode fusion

3.3 Fonction de transfert de la basse à la haute résolution spatiale

3.3.1 Analyse multi-échelle

3.3.2 Concept ARSIS

3.4 Conclusions

Bibliographie

4 Classification des champs de vent

Première partie : Introduction

Deuxième partie : A wind field classification scheme for generation of typical spatial patterns

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Classification scheme

4.2.1 Clustering method

4.2.2 Reassignment

4.3 Application to a case study : Irish Sea

4.3.1 Clustering and selection of the number of classes

4.3.2 Reassignment of the rare situations

4.3.3 Final results

4.4 Evaluation

4.5 Conclusions

Bibliography

5 Synthèse de la haute résolution spatiale

Première partie : Introduction

Deuxième partie : Fusion of SAR images and scatterometer data for wind resource assessment

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Data fusion method for offshore wind resource mapping

5.3 High spatial resolution wind fields synthesis

5.3.1 ARSIS concept

5.3.2 Synthesis of high spatial resolution wind fields

5.4 Application to some examples

5.4.1 Data presentation

5.4.2 Results

5.5 Quality assessment

5.6 Conclusion

Bibliography

6 Evaluation de la qualité de la méthode de fusion pour la cartographie du potentiel éolien

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Données utilisées et protocole d’évaluation

6.3 Analyse des résultats

6.3.1 Erreur sur les vitesses de vent

6.3.2 Erreur sur l’estimation des paramètres statistiques

6.4 Conclusions

Bibliographie

7 Conclusions et perspectives

A Mesures satellitaires du vent : physique de la mesure

A.1 Surface de la mer

A.2 Physique de la mesure des radars actifs

A.2.1 Équation radar

A.2.2 Réflexion spéculaire

A.2.3 Rétrodiffusion de Bragg

Bibliographie

B Estimateur de maximum de vraisemblance et intervalles de confiance

B.1 L’estimateur de maximum de vraisemblance

B.2 Région de confiance jointe associée une estimation

Statistiques de consultation

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