Contributions géostatistiques à la biologie halieutique.

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Woillez, Mathieu (2007) Contributions géostatistiques à la biologie halieutique. Doctorat Géostatistique, GEOSC- Centre de Géosciences, ENSMP p.173.

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Résumé

Le travail, basé sur les données de plusieurs campagnes scientifiques de pêche, est divisé en deux parties indépendantes.

La première partie s’inscrit dans la recherche d’une méthodologie de suivi des stocks à l’aide d’indicateurs basés sur les seules campagnes scientifiques. Pour cela, on a sélectionné des indices décrivant la distribution spatiale d’une population halieutique: centre de gravité, inertie, anisotropie, microstructure, diverses mesures d’aires, etc. Ces indices ont été choisis en particulier de façon à ne pas dépendre d’une délimitation arbitraire du champ, la contribution d’un échantillon à valeur nulle de densité de poissons valant zéro. Appliqués à la population de merlu européen du golfe de Gascogne, ces indices permettent de décrire la dynamique spatiale des différents groupes d’âge, ainsi que leur variabilité interannuelle. Par ailleurs, de tels indices spatiaux se révèlent être des indicateurs de la dynamique de la population, ainsi qu’en témoignent des corrélations significatives avec des paramètres démographiques, observées sur une variété de stocks européens. De façon à assurer un meilleur suivi de l’état d’un stock, indices spatiaux et indices biologiques ont enfin été combinés par la méthode des MAF (Min-max Autocorrelation Factors), qui vise à réduire le bruit en extrayant les composantes les plus continues dans le temps. Cette technique a été appliquée sur la morue de mer du Nord et l’anchois du golfe de Gascogne.

La seconde partie vise à évaluer, dans l’estimation d’abondances à partir de campagnes acoustiques, la part d’incertitude provenant de l’échantillonnage spatial. L’estimation de l’abondance provenant du signal acoustique enregistré le long de transects, ainsi que de facteurs biologiques mesurés en des stations de chalutage, il est nécessaire de combiner les incertitudes des deux sources. On a recours pour cela à des simulations géostatistiques conditionnelles de modèles multivariés spécifiques (à base de simulations gaussiennes transformées et d’un échantillonneur de Gibbs pour le traitement des nombreuses valeurs nulles de l’acoustique). La méthode a été appliquée au hareng autour des îles Shetland et à l’anchois dans le golfe de Gascogne.

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