Modélisation des échanges surface/subsurface à l'échelle de la parcelle par une approche darcéenne multidomaine.

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Weill, Sylvain (2007) Modélisation des échanges surface/subsurface à l'échelle de la parcelle par une approche darcéenne multidomaine. Doctorat Hydrologie et Hydrogéologie Quantitatives, GEOSC- Centre de Géosciences, ENSMP p.160.

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Résumé

Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de la modélisation distribuée à base physique des interactions

entre processus de surface et de subsurface. Une nouvelle approche de modélisation, dite darcéenne

multidomaine, est présentée. Les équations de Richards et de l’onde diffusive sont respectivement

utilisées pour décrire le processus d’infiltration et de ruissellement. L’équation d’onde diffusive est

transformée en une équation de diffusion non linéaire similaire à l’équation de Richards.

L’écoulement d’eau à la surface est alors assimilé à un écoulement dans un milieu poreux aux

propriétés particulières. Une couche de milieu poreux, appelée couche de ruissellement, est introduite

dans le domaine de calcul. L’ensemble de la dynamique surface/subsurface est alors décrite dans un

continuum darcéen par une seule équation de Darcy non linéaire avec des paramètres domaine ‐

dépendants. Cela permet notamment d’imposer une continuité hydraulique entre l’eau de surface et

l’eau de subsurface. Le modèle développé est évalué à partir de cas tests classiques de la littérature.

Une analyse de sensibilité ainsi qu’une étude détaillée du ruissellement hortonien sont ensuite

présentées. Enfin, l’expérience réalisée par l’IRD sur la parcelle de Thies au Sénégal est reproduite. Les

résultats sont encourageants et laisse penser que l’approche de modélisation développée permet de

reproduire correctement à petite échelle la dynamique fortement couplée des systèmes hydrologiques

de type parcelle ou versants.

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