Micro-cogénération pour les bâtiments résidentiels fonctionnant avec des énergies renouvelables.

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Aoun, Bernard (2008) Micro-cogénération pour les bâtiments résidentiels fonctionnant avec des énergies renouvelables. Doctorat Energétique, CEP- Centre Energétique et Procédés p.151.

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Résumé

La consommation d'énergie des secteurs résidentiel et tertiaire constitue 43 % de la consommation finale nationale, correspondant à 25 % des émissions nationales de CO2. Différentes options techniques existent pour limiter les émissions CO2 dans ce secteur et pour améliorer la performance énergétique des bâtiments. Une de ces options est présentée et étudiée dans cette thèse : le développement d'un système de micro-cogénération fonctionnant avec des énergies renouvelables l'une intermittente (le solaire), l'autre non (une chaudière à bois). Les systèmes de micro-cogénération conventionnels ont été analysés. Le but de la thèse est de développer un système de micro-cogénération basé sur un cycle organique et fonctionnant sur ces énergies renouvelables aux caractéristiques différentes. Plusieurs fluides de travail permettant d'atteindre des performances thermodynamiques élevées ont été comparés. Une analyse technologique a permis d'identifier les technologies les plus adaptées ou adaptables pour chacun des composants du système dépendant du fluide de travail choisi. Un banc d'essais a été conçu et réalisé pour tester et caractériser une turbine spiro-orbitale fonctionnant avec la vapeur d'eau et adaptée au système de micro-cogénération. Les composants du banc d'essais ont été dimensionnés en utilisant des outils informatiques de modélisation des cycles organiques. Un outil de simulation dynamique a été développé pour simuler le fonctionnement annuel de la micro-cogénération fonctionnant sous différentes conditions climatiques et charges thermiques. Les résultats ont démontré qu'il est possible d'économiser plus de 40 % d'énergie primaire et 60 % en émissions de CO2 par rapport à des bâtiments conformes à la réglementation thermique la plus récente (RT2005). Le coût de production de 1 kWel a été calculé selon un modèle économique ; ce prix, 50 c€/kWhel, reste élevé comparé à d'autres technologies.

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