Evaluation de métaphores d'interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distans d'immersion virtuelle.

Accueil || Parcours || Recherche || S'enregistrer || Mon Compte || Contacts || Aide || Langues

Hrimech, Hamid (2009) Evaluation de métaphores d'interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distans d'immersion virtuelle. Doctorat Informatique, Le2i, ENSAM 2009ENAM0027 p.200.

Plein texte disponible en tant que : - these_hrimech_hamidf.pdf ( 3055 Kb )

Licence: Copyright

Résumé

Dans la phase de conception d’un environnement virtuel (EV), il est nécessaire de prendre en compte plusieurs facteurs comme les périphériques d’entrées/sorties, la métaphore d’interaction ou encore le domaine d’application. En plus de ces considérations, un environnement virtuel collaboratif (EVC) doit prendre en compte l’aspect collaboratif de la métaphore d’interaction. Tout d’abord, la métaphore d’interaction doit pouvoir apporter la performance de la tâche la meilleure possible. Ensuite, l’influence de la métaphore d’interaction sur l’expérience des utilisateurs (au sens psychologique et social) constitue une importante question de recherche. Dans ce contexte, deux études expérimentales ont été menées : la première vise à étudier l’effet de métaphores de navigation sur l’expérience de l’utilisateur dans un EVC et la seconde s’intéresse à l’effet de métaphores de manipulation sur l’expérience de l’utilisateur dans un EVC. Les résultats obtenus dans ce travail de thèse nous amènent à proposer un ensemble de critères et de règles de conception des EVCs

Références Bibliographiques

Bibliographie 145

Bibliographie

Anneli, A., Olof, H., Kristian, S., Marten, S., & Olov, S. (1994). DIVE - the distributed interactive

virtual environmentSwedish Institute of Computer Science, Box 1263, 164 28 Kista.

Arnaldi, B., Fuchs, P., & Tisseau, J. (Eds.). (2003). Chapitre 1 du volume 1 du traité de la réalité

virtuelle Les Presses de l’Ecole des Mines de Paris.

Arnaldi, B., Berthoz, A., Burkhardt, J. M., Fuchs, P., Guitton, P., Moreau, G., et al (Eds.).

(2006). Le traité de la réalité virtuelle : Les application de la realité virtuelle Mines de paris.

Avango.(1999). Avango.http://www.avango.org/

Avradinis, N., Vosinakis, S., & Panayiotopoulos, T. (2000). Using virtual reality techniques for the

simulation of physics experiments

Bar-Shalom, Y., & Li, R. (1995). Multitarget-mulisensor tracking.

Bell, J. T., & Fogler, H. S. (2004). Virtual reality in chemical engineering education. Paper

presented at the Purdue University, West, 16-18.

Benford , S., & Fahl'en , L. (1993). A spatial model of interaction in large virtual environments.

Paper presented at the ECSCW'93: Proceedings of the Third Conference on European Conference on

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Milan, Italy. 109-124.

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

146 Bibliographie

Benford, S., Bowers, J., Fahl´en, L. E., & Mariani, J. (1994). Supporting cooperative work in

virtual environments. The Computer Journal, 37(4), 653-668.

Benford, S., Greenhalgh, C., Rodden, T., & Pycock, J. (2001). Collaborative virtual

environments, commun run. ACM, 44(7), 79-85.

Benford, S., & Greenhalgh, C. (1997). Introducing third party objects into the spatial model of

interaction. Paper presented at the ECSCW'97: Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on European

Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Lancaster, UK. 189-204.

Beth, R. M., & Carroll, J. M. (2002). Usability engineering scenario-based development of

human-computer interaction. In Morgan Kaufmann (Ed.), Interactive technologies. (Academic

Press ed., ). San Fancisco, USA:

Biocca, F., Harms, C., & Gregg, J. (2001). The networked minds measure of social presence:

Pilot test of the factor structure and concurrent validity. Presence, , 9-11.

Bouguila, L., Ishii, M., & Sato, M. (2000). Multi-modal haptic device for large-scale virtual

environments. ACM Multimedia 2000, , 277-283.

Bowers, J., Pycock, J., & O'Brien, J. (1996). Talk and embodiment in collaborative virtual

environments. Paper presented at the CHI '96: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on

Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 58-65. Retrieved

from http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/238386.238404

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

Bibliographie 147

Bowman, D. A., Hodges, L. F., Allison, D., & Wineman, J. (1999). The educational value of an

information-rich virtual environment. Paper presented at the Presence: Teleoperators and

Virtual Environments, 317-331.

Bowman, D. A., Kruijff, E., Laviola, J. J., & Poupyrev, I. (Eds.). (2004). 3D user interfaces: Theory

and practice Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc.

Bowman, D. A., Ohnson, D. B., & Hodges, L. F. (1999a). Testbed evaluation of virtual

environment interaction techniques. Paper presented at the VRST '99: Proceedings of the

ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, London, United Kingdom. 26-33.

Retrieved from http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/323663.323667

Bowman, D. A., Koller, D., & Hodges, L. F. (1998). A methodology for the evaluation of

travel techniques for immersive virtual environments. Journal of the Virtual Reality Society, 3,

120-131.

Buxton, W. (1983). Lexical and pragmatic considerations of input structures. In Computer

Graphics, 17(1), 31-37.

Carassa, A., Geminiani, G., Morganti, F., & Varotto. D. (2002, Route and survey descriptions

of paths: The effect of experience of a large-scale environment. Bulletin of People-

Environment Studies,

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

148 Bibliographie

Card, S., Mackinlay, J., & Robertson, G. (1991). A morphological analysis of the design space

of input devices. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 9(2), 99-122.

Casanueva, J. S., & Blake, E. H. (2001). The effects of avatars on co-presence in a collaborative virtual

environmentAnnual Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and

Information Technologists (SAICSIT2001). Pretoria, South.

Casanueva, J. S., & Blake, E. H. (2000). Small group experiments in collaborative virtual

environments. Paper presented at the Stellenbosch, South Africa.

Chevaldonne , M., Saimpont , A., Merienne , F., & Pozzo , T. (2006). Postural empathy tests

for the measure of immersion and presence in virtual environment. Cuncun, Mexique.

Churchill, E. F., Snowdon, D. N., & Munrr , A. J. (Eds.). (2001). Collaborative virtual environments

Springer.

Comaniciu, D., & Meer, P. (1999). Mean shift analysis and application.

Coquillart, S., Arnaldi, B., Berthoz, A., Burkhardt, J. M., Fuchs, P., Guitton, P., et al (Eds.).

(2006). Le traité de la réalité virtuelle : Interfaçage, immersion et interaction en environnement virtuel

Mines de paris.

Darken, R. P., & Sibert, J. L. (1996). Navigating large virtual spaces. International Journal of

Human–Computer Interaction, 8, 49-71.

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

Bibliographie 149

De Boeck, J., Cuppens, E., De Weyer, T., Raymaekers, C., & Coninx, K. (2004). Multisensory

interaction metaphors with haptics and proprioception in virtual environments. Paper

presented at the NordiCHI '04: Proceedings of the Third Nordic Conference on Human-Computer

Interaction, Tampere, Finland. 189-197. Retrieved from

http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1028014.1028043

De Boeck, J., Raymaekers, C., & Coninx, K. (2005). Are existing metaphors in virtual

environments suitable for haptic interaction. Paper presented at the Proceedings of 7th

International Conference on Virtual Reality ({VRIC} 2005), 261-268.

De Luca, L., Véron, P., & Florenzano, M. (2006). Reverse engineering of architectural

buildings based on a hybrid modeling approach . Computers & Graphics, 30(2), 160-176.

Degrande, S. Spin 3D.http://ralyx.inria.fr/2002/Raweb/alcove/uid43.html

Deutsch, J. E., Latonio, J., Burdea, G. C., & Boian, R. (2001). Post-stroke rehabilitation with

the rutgers ankle system: A case study. Presence: Teleoper.Virtual Environ., 10(4), 416-430.

Retrieved from 10.1162/1054746011470262;

http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1054746011470262

Divipro.(2000). Divipro.http://aig.cs.man.ac.uk/divipro/index.php

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

150 Bibliographie

Dodds, T. J., & Ruddle, R. A. (2008a). Using teleporting, awareness and multiple views to

improve teamwork in collaborative virtual environments. Proceedings of the 14th Eurographics

Symposium on Virtual Environments, , 81-88.

Dodds, T. J., & Ruddle, R. A. (2008b). Mobile group dynamics in large-scale collaborative

virtual environments. Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality, , 59-66.

Ellis, S. R. (1994). What are virtual environments. IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, , 17-

22.

Férey , N., Gros , P. E., Hérisson , J., & Gherbi , R. (2004). Exploration by visualization of

numerical and textual genomic data. Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry, 4, 102-110.

Fuchs, F. (1996). Les Presses de l’Ecole des Mines de Paris (Ed.), Les interfaces de la réalité virtuelle

Fussell, S. R., Kraut, R. E., & Siegel, J. (2000). Coordination of communication: Effects of

shared visual context on collaborative work. Paper presented at the CSCW '00: Proceedings

of the 2000 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 21-30. Retrieved from

10.1145/358916.358947; http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/358916.358947

Gaunet, F., Vidal, V., Kemeny, A., & and Berthoz, A. (2001, Active, passive and snapshot

exploration in a virtual environment: Influence on scene memory, reorientation and path

memory. Cognitive Brain Research, 11, 409-420.

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

Bibliographie 151

Gaver, W. (1992). The affordances of media spaces for collaboration, ACM Conference on

Computer Supported Cooperative Work, , 17-24.

Garbaya, S., & Zaldivar-Colado, U. (2007). The affect of contact force sensations on user

performance in virtual assembly tasks. Virtual Reality, 11(4), 287-299.

Gerhard, M., Moore, D. J., & Hobbs, D. J. (2001a). Continuous presence in collaborative

virtual environments: Towards a hybrid avatar-agent model for user representation. The

Third International Workshop on Intelligent Virtual Agents, , 137-155.

Gerhard, M., Moore, D., & Hobbs, D. (2001b). Continuous presence in collaborative virtual

environments: Towards the evaluation of a hybrid avatar-agent model for user

representation. Madrid, Spain.

Gibson, W. (1989). Neuromancer. New York: Grafton.

Greenberg, S., Gutwin, C., & Cockburn, A. (1996). Awareness through fisheye views in

relaxed-WYSIWIS groupware. Graphics Interface, , 28-38.

Greenhalgh, C., & Benford, S. (1995). MASSIVE: A collaborative virtual environment for

teleconferencing. ACM Trans.Comput.-Hum.Interact., 2(3), 239-261. Retrieved from

http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/210079.210088

Gutwin, C. (1997). Workspace awareness in real-time distributed groupware. (PhD thesis,

University of Calgary.).

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

152 Bibliographie

Haritaoglu, I., Harwood, D., & Davis, L. S. (1998). A real time system for detecting and

tracking people in 2,5D.

Harms , C., & Biocca, F. A. (2004). Internal consistency and reliability of the networked minds

social presence measure. Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia.

Hedley , N. R., Billinghurst, M., Postner, L., May, R., & Kato , H. (2002). Explorations in the

use of augmented reality for geographic visualization. Presence, 11, 119-133.

Held, R. M., & Durlach, N. I. (1992). Telepresence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual

Environments, 1(1), 109-112.

Herder, J., Worzberger, R., Twelker, U., & Albertz, S. (2002). Use of virtual environments in

the promotion and evaluation of architectural designs. Journal of the 3D-Forum Society, 16(4),

117-122.

Hofmann, J., & Bubb, H. (1999). 16 presence in industrial virtual environment applications —

susceptibility and measurement reliability

Horaud , R., & Monga , O. (1995). In Hermes Sciences Publicat (Ed.), Vision par ordinateur :

Outils fondamentaux. France:

IJsselsteijn, W., & Riva, G. (2003). Being there: The experience of presence in mediated

environments. In W. I. G. Riva, F. Davide (Ed.), Being There: Concepts, effects and measurement

of user presence in synthetic environments, (pp. 4-14)

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

Bibliographie 153

Ishii, H., Kobayashi, M., & Arita, K. (1994). Iterative design of seamless collaboration media.

ACM, 37(8), 83-97.

Jacob, R. J. K., & Sibert, L. E. (1992). The perceptual structure of multidimensional input

device selection. 211-218.

Johnson, W. L. (2000). Virtual environments for training.http://www.isi.edu/isd/VET/vet.html

Johnson, W. L. (1995). Pedagogical agents in virtual learning environments. Proceedings of the

International Conference on Computers and Education,

Juan De , L., & Manuel , A. (2000). Using simulation and virtual reality for distance education.

SIIE’2000

Kahkonen , K., & Whyte , J. (2003). Industrial applications of virtual reality in architecture and

construction

Kalman, R. E. (1960, A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. Journal of

Basic Engineering, , 35-45.

Lanier, J. (1988). A vintage virtual reality interview., 1988, from

http://www.well.com/user/jaron/vrint.html

Mantovani, F., Agliati, A., Mortillaro, M., Vescovo, A., & Zurloni, V. (2006). Communication -

presence roundtrip: Travelling along theoretical, methodological and applicative

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

154 Bibliographie

connections. In G. Riva , M. T. Anguera & F. Mantovani (Eds.), From communication to

presence: Cognition, emotions and culture towards the ultimate Communicative Experience (IOS Press

ed., pp. 3-22). Amsterdam: IOS Press.

Mine, ,Mark R. (1995). ISAAC: A virtual environment tool for the interactive construction of virtual

worlds. Chapel Hill, NC, USA: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Mine, M. R. (1996). Working in a virtual world: Interaction techniques used in the chapel hill immersive

modeling program. Chapel Hill, NC, USA: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Naef, M., Staadt, O., & Gross, M. (2005). Multimedia integration into the blue-c API.

Computers & Graphics, 29(1), 3. Retrieved from DOI: 10.1016/j.cag.2004.11.003;

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TYG-4F490FG-

1/2/f8202fedcc419d14f58291ea558507f4

Nakanishi, H., Yoshida, C., Nishimura, T., & Ishida, T. (1998). FreeWalk: A three-dimensional

meeting place for communities Retrieved from citeseer.ist.psu.edu/nakanishi98freewalk.html

Normand, V. B., C., Benford, S., Bullock, A., Carion, S., Chrysanthou, Y., Farcet, N., et al.

(1999). The COVEN project: Exploring applicative, technical, and usage dimensions of

collaborative virtual environments. Presence: Teleoper.Virtual Environ., 8(2), 218-236.

Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474699566189

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

Bibliographie 155

Nowak, F., & Biocca, K. L. (2003). The effect of the agency and thropomorphism of users

sense of telepresence, copresece, and social presence in virtual environments. Presence:

Teleopers and Virtual Environments, 12(5), 481-494.

Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957). The measurementof meaning. Urbana,

USA:

Paillot, D., Merienne, F., & Thivent, S. (2003). CAD/CAE visualization in virtual environment

for automotive industry. Zurich, Switzerland. 315-316.

Parise, S., Kiesler, S., Sproull, L., & Waters, K. (1996). My partner is a real dog: Cooperation

with social agents. Paper presented at the CSCW '96: Proceedings of the 1996 ACM Conference

on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. 399-408.

Retrieved from http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/240080.240351

Passini, R. (1992). Wayfinding in architecture (Van Nostrand Reinhold ed.). NY:

Poupyrev, I., Weghorst, S., Billinghurst, M., & Ichikawa, T. (1997). A framework and testbed

for studying manipulation techniques for immersive VR. Paper presented at the Proceedings

of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, 21-28.

Querrec, R., Buche, C., Maffre, E., & hevaillier, P. (2003). SecuReVi : Virtual environments for

fire fighting training. Laval, France.

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

156 Bibliographie

Reid, D. B. (1979). An algorithm for tracking multiple targets. IEEE Transactions on Automatic

Control, AC-24(6), 843-854.

Riva, G. (1999). Virtual reality as communication tool: A sociocognitive analysis. Presence:

Teleoper.Virtual Environ., 8(4), 462-468. Retrieved from

http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474699566341

Ruddle, R. A., Payne, S. J., & Jones, D. M. (1999a). Broad-scale navigating virtual

environments: What differences occur between helmet-mounted and desk-signal displays?

Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 8, 157-168.

Ruddle, R. A., Payne, S. J., & Jones, D. (1997). Navigating buildings in "desk-top"

Virtual Environments: Experimental investigations using extended navigational

experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 3(2)

Ruddle, R. A., Payne, S. J., & Jones, D. M. (1999b). The effects of maps on navigation and

search strategies in very-large-scale virtual environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology:

Applied, 5, 54-75.

Ruth, R. (2005). Social presence as presentation of self.

Sallnas, E. L. (2005). Effects of communication mode on social presence, virtual presence, and

performance in collaborative virtual environments. Presence: Teleoper.Virtual Environ., 14(4),

434-449. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474605774785253

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

Bibliographie 157

Satava , R. M. (1999). Emerging technologies for surgery in the 21st century. Archives of Surgery,

134, 1197-1202.

Schroeder, R. (1996). Possible worlds: The social dynamic of virtual reality technology. Boulder, CO,

USA: Westview Press, Inc.

Schroeder, R., Steed, A., Axelsson, A., Heldal, I., Abelin, Å., Wideström, J., et al. (2001).

Collaborating in networked immersive spaces: As good as being there together? Computers

& Graphics, 25(5), 781. Retrieved from DOI: 10.1016/S0097-8493(01)00120-0;

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TYG-43XNJ4Y-

6/2/588c967cc29d0153bca9f35d8c116769

Schuemie, M. (2003). Human-computer interaction and presence in virtual reality exposure

therapy. Delft University of Technology).

Scribante, V. (2000). Impact de deux facteurs d’influence sur l’acquisition des connaissances

spatiales. Université de Genève).

Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). In The University of Illinois Press: Urbana. (Ed.), The

mathematical theory of communication (The University of Illinois Press: Urbana. ed.)

Shaun , B. (1996). Modelling parallel and distributed virtual reality systems for performance

analysis and comparison. Department of Computer Science, Rhodes University).

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

158 Bibliographie

Short, J., Williams, E., & Christie, B. (1978). The social psychology of telecommunications.

Contemporary Sociology, 7, 32-33.

Simmross-Wattenberg , F., Carranza-Herrezuelo, N., Palacios-Camarero, C., Higuera, J. P.,

Martin-Fernandez, M. A., Aja-Fernandez, S., et al. (2005). Group-slicer: A collaborative

extension of the 3D-slicer. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 38(6), }oume 38, ssue 6,

Deember 2005, Pages 431-442.

Slater, M., & Usoh, M. (1994). Body centered interaction in immersive virtual environments.

Artificial Life and Virtual Reality, , 125-148.

Slater, M., Sadagic, A., Usoh, M., & Shroeder, R. (2000). Small-group behaviour in a virtual and real

environment: A comparative study Retrieved from citeseer.ist.psu.edu/slater00small.html

Son, J., Gruts, Y., Kwack, K., Cha, K., & Kim, S. (2007). Stereoscopic image distortion in

radial camera and projector configurations. Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics,

Image Science, and Vision, 24(3), 643-650.

Sutherland, I. E. (1965). The ultimate display. Paper presented at the Proceedings of IFIP, 506-

508.

Torguet, P., Balet, O., Gobbetti, E., Jessel, J. P., Duchon, J., & Bouvier, E. (1999). Cavalcade:

A system for collaborative prototyping. Laval, France. 161-170.

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

Bibliographie 159

Van Wyk, E., & de Villiers, R. (2008). Usability context analysis for virtual reality training in

south african mines. Paper presented at the SAICSIT '08: Proceedings of the 2008 Annual

Research Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists

on IT Research in Developing Countries, Wilderness, South Africa. 276-285. Retrieved from

http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1456659.1456691

VIPER. (1998). VIPER library. Retrieved 2009http://vr.cs.

fr/cavalcade/technology_viper.html

Ware, C., & Jessome, D. R. (1988). Using the bat: A six dimensional mouse for object

placement. Paper presented at the Proceedings on Graphics Interface '88, Edmonton, Alberta,

Canada. 119-124.

Ware, C., & Osborne, S. (1990). Exploration and virtual camera control in virtual three

dimensional environments. SIGGRAPH Comput.Graph., 24(2), 175-183. Retrieved from

http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/91394.91442

Welch , G., Yang, R., Cairns , B., Towles , H., Ilie, A. S. A., Russo , D., et al. (2004). 3d

telepresence for off-line surgical training and on-line remote consultation. Paper presented

at the The University of Tokyo, 113-152.

Wilson, P. N., Foreman, N., Gillett, R., & Stanton, D. (1997). The effect of landmarks

on route-learning in a computer-simulated environment. Journal of Environmental, 14, 305-

313.

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

160 Bibliographie

Zheng, X. S., McConkie, G. W., & Schaeffe, B. (2003). Navigational control effect on

representing

Table des Matières

Table des matières

Chapitre I - Introduction - 9

I.1 - Contexte de recherche - 9

I.2 - Problématiques - 10

I.3 - Questions de recherche - 11

I.4 - Contributions - 13

I.5 - Structure de la thèse - 14

Chapitre II - État de l’art - 15

II.1 - Introduction - 15

II.2 - La réalité virtuelle - 15

II.2.1 - Définitions - 15

II.2.2 - Applications de la réalité virtuelle - 17

II.2.3 - Interaction 3D - 18

II.2.4 - Techniques et métaphores d’interaction 3D - 20

II.2.5 - Périphériques d’entrée pour l’interaction - 20

II.2.6 - Périphériques d’affichage pour l’interaction - 29

II.3 - Communication - 32

II.3.1 - Modèle de communication de Shannon et Weaver - 32

II.3.2 - Communication interpersonnelle - 33

II.3.3 - Collaboration - 36

II.4 - Environnements virtuels collaboratifs EVCs - 37

II.4.1 - Introduction - 37

II.4.2 - Définition - 37

II.4.3 - Affordances des EVCs pour la collaboration à distance - 38

II.4.4 - Plateformes du travail collaboratif existantes - 41

II.4.5 - Études empiriques dans les EVC - 50

II.5 - Conclusion - 52

Chapitre III - Approche scientifique - 55

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

4 Table des matières

III.1 - Introduction - 55

III.2 - Problématique scientifique - 55

III.3 - Méthode d’évaluation - 57

III.3.1 - Introduction - 57

III.3.2 - Choix de la technique d’évaluation - 59

III.4 - Mesures - 60

III.4.1 - Mesures subjectives - 60

III.4.2 - Mesure objective - 62

III.4.3 - Description des mesures - 62

III.5 - Conditions expérimentales - 66

III.5.1 - Sélection/Manipulation - 66

III.5.2 - Navigation - 67

III.6 - Conclusion - 67

Chapitre IV - Technologies développées - 69

IV.1 - Introduction - 69

IV.2 - Tracking 3D - 70

IV.2.1 - Problématique - 70

IV.2.2 - Description du système - 70

IV.2.3 - Calibrage d'un système de stéréovision - 71

IV.2.4 - Détection des marqueurs infrarouges - 73

IV.2.5 - Mise en correspondance des marqueurs infrarouges - 74

IV.2.6 - Stabilisation et performances - 76

IV.2.7 - Matériel - 79

IV.2.8 - Couplage tracking 3D Wiimote - 80

IV.3 - Applications - 80

IV.3.1 - Navigation - 81

IV.3.2 - Manipulation - 82

IV.4 - Plateforme Braccetto - 83

IV.5 - Collaboration distante entre deux Braccettos - 84

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

Table des matières 5

IV.5.1 - Architecture réseau - 84

IV.5.2 - Distribution des données - 86

IV.5.3 - Protocole de communication - 87

IV.5.4 - Principe de fonctionnement - 88

IV.6 - Conclusion - 89

Chapitre V - Expérimentations - 91

V.1 - Expérimentation sur la navigation 3D en EVC - 91

V.1.1 - La navigation 3D - 91

V.1.2 - L’étude expérimentale - 94

V.2 - Expérience sur la manipulation 3D en EVC - 115

V.2.1 - La manipulation 3D - 115

V.2.2 - L’étude expérimentale - 118

V.3 - Conclusion - 132

Chapitre VI - Conclusion et perspectives - 135

VI.1 - Introduction - 135

VI.2 - Contributions - 135

VI.2.1 - État de l’art - 136

VI.2.2 - Système de tracking optique - 136

VI.2.3 - Applications - 136

VI.2.4 - Evaluations - 137

VI.2.5 - Critères de conception - 140

VI.3 - Limitations - 142

VI.3.1 - Limitations technologiques - 142

VI.3.2 - Limitations liées à l’évaluation - 142

VI.4 - Perspectives - 143

VI.4.1 - Retour d’effort à l’échelle 1 - 143

VI.4.2 - Travail collaboratif asymétrique - 143

VI.4.3 - Plateforme multiutilisateurs - 144

Evaluation de métaphores d’interaction pour le travail collaboratif entre sites distants

d’immersion virtuelle

6 Table des matières

VI.4.4 - Analyse linguistique et charge cognitive - 144

VI.4.5 - Vers un modèle comportemental du travail collaboratif - 144

Bibliographie - 145

Annexe A : Questionnaires - 166

Questionnaire d’entrée - 166

Questionnaire de navigation - 168

Questionnaire de manipulation - 172

Annexe B : Protocole d’expérience - 176

Annexe C : La Stéréovision - 186

Statistiques de consultation

Administrateurs de l'archive uniquement : éditer cet enregistrement